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Harold Clayton Urey (Walkerton, 29 aprile 1893 – La Jolla, 5 gennaio 1981) è stato un chimico statunitense.

Scoprì il deuterio attraverso distillazioni successive dell'idrogeno liquido.

Nel 1931, con l'ausilio dei suoi assistenti, dimostrò l'esistenza dell'acqua pesante, l'ossido di deuterio D₂O.

Questo gli valse il conferimento del premio Nobel per la chimica nel 1934 con la motivazione "per la scoperta del deuterio".

Fu direttore di un gruppo di ricerca del progetto Manhattan per la costruzione della bomba atomica all'università della Columbia.

Produsse anche importanti lavori nei settori della geofisica, dell'origine del sistema solare e della paleontologia.

Negli ultimi anni della sua vita, Urey iniziò lo sviluppo del settore della cosmochimica (a lui si deve la coniazione del termine), investigando sull'abbondanza degli elementi sia sulla Terra che nelle stelle durante la loro evoluzione. Pubblicò queste teorie nel libro The Planets: Their Origin and Development (I pianeti: loro origine e sviluppo) uscito nel 1952. Urey ipotizzava che l'atmosfera terrestre primordiale, fosse probabilmente composta da ammoniaca, metano ed idrogeno (atmosfera riducente). Fu un suo studente laureato, Stanley L. Miller a dimostrare con un famoso esperimento che da una tale atmosfera, in presenza di acqua e sotto l'azione di scariche elettriche (che simulavano l'azione dei fulmini), potevano generarsi aminoacidi, ovvero alcuni dei mattoni fondamentali delle proteine.

Riconoscimenti |

Nel 1940 fu insignito della Medaglia Davy e nel 1943 della medaglia Franklin.

Nel 1969 gli è stata assegnata la Medaglia Leonard^[1].

In suo onore è stato intitolato il premio Urey per le ricerche planetarie conferito dall'American Astronomical Society

Gli sono stati dedicati il cratere lunare Urey e l'asteroide 4716 Urey.

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Altri progetti |

• 
  Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Harold Urey
  

Collegamenti esterni |

• (EN) Biografia di Harold Urey sul sito ufficiale del Premio Nobel

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V · D · M Vincitori del Premio Nobel per la chimica
1901 - 1925	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) • Emil Fischer (1902) • Svante Arrhenius (1903) • William Ramsay (1904) • Adolf von Baeyer (1905) • Henri Moissan (1906) • Eduard Buchner (1907) • Ernest Rutherford (1908) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1909) • Otto Wallach (1910) • Marie Curie (1911) • Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier (1912) • Alfred Werner (1913) • Theodore Richards (1914) • Richard Willstätter (1915) • Fritz Haber (1918) • Walther Nernst (1920) • Frederick Soddy (1921) • Francis Aston (1922) • Fritz Pregl (1923) • Richard Zsigmondy (1925)
1926 - 1950	Theodor Svedberg (1926) • Heinrich Wieland (1927) • Adolf Windaus (1928) • Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1929) • Hans Fischer (1930) • Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius (1931) • Irving Langmuir (1932) • Harold Urey (1934) • Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) • Peter Debye (1936) • Walter Haworth, Paul Karrer (1937) • Richard Kuhn (1938) • Adolf Butenandt, Lavoslav Ružička (1939) • George de Hevesy (1943) • Otto Hahn (1944) • Artturi Virtanen (1945) • James B. Sumner, John Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley (1946) • Robert Robinson (1947) • Arne Tiselius (1948) • William Giauque (1949) • Otto Diels, Kurt Alder (1950)
1951 - 1975	Edwin McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin, Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolaj Semënov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovský (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz, John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen, Ronald Norrish, George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton, Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William Stein (1972) • E. O. Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog (1975)
1976 - 2000	William Lipscomb (1976) • Il'ja Prigožin (1977) • Peter Mitchell (1978) • Herbert Brown, Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger (1980) • Ken'ichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann (1981) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert Hauptman, Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman, Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph Marcus (1992) • Kary Mullis, Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, Frank Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul Boyer, John Ernest Walker, Jens Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn, John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan Jay Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa (2000)
2001 - oggi	William Knowles, Ryōji Noyori, Barry Sharpless (2001) • John B. Fenn, Kōichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich (2002) • Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon (2003) • Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose (2004) • Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, Yves Chauvin (2005) • Roger D. Kornberg (2006) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Tsien (2008) • Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz, Ada Yonath (2009) • Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki (2010) • Dan Shechtman (2011) • Brian Kobilka, Robert Lefkowitz (2012) • Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, Arieh Warshel (2013) • Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell, William Moerner (2014) • Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, Aziz Sancar (2015) • Jean-Pierre Sauvage, J. Fraser Stoddart, Bernard Feringa (2016) • Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson (2017) • Frances Hamilton Arnold, George Pieczenik Smith, Gregory Paul Winter (2018)

V · D · M Vincitori della Medaglia Davy (Royal Society)

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1877) • Louis Paul Cailletet, Raoul Pictet (1878) • Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1879) • Charles Friedel (1880) • Adolf von Baeyer (1881) • Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeleev, Julius Lothar Meyer (1882) • Marcellin Berthelot, Julius Thomsen (1883) • Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe (1884) • Jean Servais Stas (1885) • Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1886) • John A. R. Newlands (1887) • William Crookes (1888) • William Henry Perkin (1889) • Hermann Emil Fischer (1890) • Viktor Meyer (1891) • François-Marie Raoult (1892) • Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Joseph Achille Le Bel (1893) • Per Teodor Cleve (1894) • William Ramsay (1895) • Henri Moissan (1896) • John Hall Gladstone (1897) • Johannes Wislicenus (1898) • Edward Schunck (1899) • Guglielmo Koerner (1900) • George Downing Living (1901) • Svante Arrhenius (1902) • Pierre Curie, Marie Curie (1903) • William Henry Perkin, Jr. (1904) • Albert Ladenburg (1905) • Rudolph Fittig (1906) • Edward Morley (1907) • William A. Tilden (1908) • James Dewar (1909) • Theodore William Richards (1910) • Henry Edward Armstrong (1911) • Otto Wallach (1912) • Raphael Meldola (1913) • William Jackson Pope (1914) • Paul Sabatier (1915) • Henri Le Châtelier (1916) • Albin Haller (1917) • F. Stanley Kipping (1918) • Percy Frankland (1919) • Charles T Heycock (1920) • Philippe Guye (1921) • Jocelyn Field Thorpe (1922) • Herbert Brereton Baker (1923) • Arthur George Perkin (1924) • James Irvine (1925) • James Walker (1926) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1927) • Frederick George Donnan (1928) • Gilbert Lewis (1929) • Robert Robinson (1930) • Arthur Lapworth (1931) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1932) • William Hobson Mills (1933) • Walter Norman Haworth (1934) • Arthur Harden (1935) • William Arthur Bone (1936) • Hans Fischer (1937) • George Barger (1938) • James William McBain (1939) • Harold Urey (1940) • Henry Drysdale Dakin (1941) • Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1942) • Ian Morris Heilbron (1943) • Robert Robertson (1944) • Robert Adams (1945) • Christopher Ingold (1946) • Linus Pauling (1947) • Edmund Langley Hirst (1948) • Alexander Robertus Todd (1949) • John Simonsen (1950) • Eric Rideal (1951) • Alexander Robertson (1952) • John Lennard-Jones (1953) • James Wilfred Cook (1954) • Harry Work Melville (1955) • Robert Downs Haworth (1956) • Kathleen Lonsdale (1957) • Ronald Norrish (1958) • Robert Burns Woodward (1959) • John Monteath Robertson (1960) • Derek Harold Richard Barton (1961) • Harry Julius Emeléus (1962) • Edmund John Bowen (1963) • Melvin Calvin (1964) • Harold Warris Thompson (1965) • Ewart Jones (1966) • Vladimir Prelog (1967) • John Cornforth, George Joseph Popjak (1968) • Frederick Sydney Dainton (1969) • Charles Alfred Coulson (1970) • George Porter (1971) • Arthur John Birch (1972) • John Stuart Anderson (1973) • James Baddiley (1974) • Theodore Morris Sugden (1975) • Rex Edward Richards (1976) • Alan Rushton Battersby (1977) • Albert Eschenmoser (1978) • Joseph Chatt (1979) • Alan Woodworth Johnson(1980) • Ralph Alexander Raphael (1981) • Michael James Steuart Dewar (1982) • Duilio Arigoni (1983) • Samuel Frederick Edwards (1984) • Jack Lewis (1985) • Alexander George Ogston (1986) • Alec John Jeffreys (1987) • John Pople (1988) • Francis Gordon Albert Stone (1989) • Keith Usherwood Ingold (1990) • Jeremy R. Knowles (1991) • Alan Carrington (1992) • Jack Baldwin (1993) • John Meurig Thomas (1994) • M. L. H. Green (1995) • Geoffrey Wilkinson (1996) • Jean-Marie Lehn (1997) • Alan Roy Fersht (1998) • Malcolm Harold Chisholm (1999) • Steven Victor Ley (2000) • Alastair Ian Scott (2001) • Neil Bartlett (2002) • Roger Parsons (2003) • Takeshi Oka (2004) • Christopher Dobson (2005) • Martin Pope (2006) • John Simmons (2007) • Fraser Stoddart (2008) • Jeremy Sanders (2009) • Carol Vivien Robinson (2010)

V · D · M Vincitori della Medaglia Priestley (ACS)

Ira Remsen (1923) • Edgar Fahs Smith (1926) • Francis P. Garvan (1929) • Charles L. Parsons (1932) • William A. Noyes (1935) Marston T. Bogert (1938) • Thomas Midgley, Jr. (1941) • James Bryant Conant (1944) • Ian Heilbron (1945) • Roger Adams (1946) • Warren K. Lewis (1947) • Edward R. Weidlein (1948) • Arthur B. Lamb (1949) • Charles August Kraus (1950) • Evan J. Crane (1951) • Samuel C. Lind (1952) • Robert Robinson (1953) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1954) • Charles A. Thomas (1955) • Carl S. Marvel (1956) • Farrington Daniels (1957) • Ernest H. Volwiler (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • Wallace R. Brode (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) • Joel H. Hildebrand (1962) • Peter J. W. Debye (1963) • John C. Bailar, Jr. (1964) • William J. Sparks (1965) • William O. Baker (1966) • Ralph Connor (1967) • William G. Young (1968) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1969) • Max Tishler (1970) • Frederick D. Rossini (1971) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1972) • Harold C. Urey (1973) • Paul J. Flory (1974) • Henry Eyring (1975) • George S. Hammond (1976) • Henry Gilman (1977) • Melvin Calvin (1978) • Glenn T. Seaborg (1979) • Milton Harris (1980) • Herbert C. Brown (1981) • Bryce Crawford, Jr. (1982) • Robert S. Mulliken (1983) • Linus Pauling (1984) • Henry Taube (1985) • Karl A. Folkers (1986) • John D. Roberts (1987) • Frank H. Westheimer (1988) • George C. Pimentel (1989) • Roald Hoffmann (1990) • Harry B. Gray (1991) • Carl Djerassi (1992) • Robert W. Parry (1993) • Howard E. Simmons (1994) • Sir Derek H. R. Barton (1995) • Ernest L. Eliel (1996) • Mary L. Good (1997) • Frank Albert Cotton (1998) • Ronald Breslow (1999) • Darleane C. Hoffman (2000) • Fred Basolo (2001) • Allen Bard (2002) • Edwin J. Vandenberg (2003) • Elias J. Corey (2004) • George A. Olah (2005) • Paul S. Anderson (2006) • George M. Whitesides (2007) • Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2008) • M. Frederick Hawthorne (2009) • Richard Zare (2010) • Ahmed H. Zewail (2011)

V · D · M Vincitori del Premio Willard Gibbs (ACS)

Svante Arrhenius (1911) • Theodore William Richards (1912) • Leo H. Baekeland (1913) • Ira Remsen (1914) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1915) • Willis R. Whitney (1916) • Edward W. Morley (1917) • William M. Burton (1918) • William A. Noyes (1919) • Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1920) • Marie Curie (1921) • Julius Stieglitz (1923) • Gilbert N. Lewis (1924) • Moses Gomberg (1925) • James Colquhoun Irvine (1926) • John Jacob Abel (1927) • William Draper Harkins (1928) • Claude Silbert Hudson (1929) • Irving Langmuir (1930) • Phoebus A. Levene (1931) • Edward Curtis Franklin (1932) • Richard Willstatter (1933) • Harold Clayton Urey (1934) • Charles August Kraus (1935) • Roger Adams (1936) • Herbert Newby McCoy (1937) • Robert R. Williams (1938) • Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1939) • Vladimir Ipatieff (1940) • Edward A. Doisy (1941) • Thomas Midgley (1942) • Conrad A. Elvehjem (1943) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1944) • Frank C. Whitmore (1945) • Linus Pauling (1946) • Wendell M. Stanley (1947) • Carl F. Cori (1948) • Peter J. W. Debye (1949) • Carl S. Marvel (1950) William Francis Giauque (1951) William C. Rose (1952) • Joel H. Hildebrand (1953) • Elmer K. Bolton (1954) • Farrington Daniels (1955) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1956) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1957) • Willard F. Libby (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) • Lars Onsager (1962) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1963) • Izaak M. Kolthoff (1964) • Robert S. Mulliken (1965) • Glenn T. Seaborg (1966) • Robert Burns Woodward (1967) • Henry Eyring (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1969) • Frank H. Westheimer (1970) • Henry Taube (1971) • John T. Edsall (1972) • Paul John Flory (1973) • Har Gobind Khorana (1974) • Herman F. Mark (1975) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1976) • Melvin Calvin (1977) • William O. Baker (1978) • E. Bright Wilson (1979) • Frank Albert Cotton (1980) • Bert Lester Vallee (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • John D. Roberts (1983) • Elias J. Corey (1984) • Donald J. Cram (1985) • Jack Halpern (1986) • Allen J. Bard (1987) • Rudolph A. Marcus (1988) • Richard Barry Bernstein (1989) • Richard N. Zare (1990) • Günther Wilke (1991) • Harry B. Gray (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • M. Frederick Hawthorne (1994) • John Meurig Thomas (1995) • Fred Basolo (1996) • Carl Djerassi (1997) • Mario J. Molina (1998) • Lawrence F. Dahl (1999) • Nicholas Turro (2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • Ralph Hirschmann (2002) • John I. Brauman (2003) • Ronald Breslow (2004) • David A. Evans (2005) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2006) • Sylvia T. Ceyer (2007) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2008) • Louis Brus (2009) • Maurice Brookhart (2010)

V · D · M Vincitori del Premio Linus Pauling (ACS)

Linus Pauling (1966) • Manfred Eigen (1967) • Herbert C. Brown (1968) • Henry Eyring (1969) • Harold C. Urey (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • E. Bright Wilson (1972) • E. J. Corey (1973) • Roald Hoffmann (1974) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1975) • F. Albert Cotton (1976) • John A. Pople (1977) • Dudley Herschbach (1978) • Daniel E. Koshland (1979) • John D. Roberts (1980) • Henry Taube (1981) • George C. Pimentel (1982) • Gilbert Stork (1983) • John S. Waugh (1984) • Harold A. Scheraga (1985) • Harry B. Gray (1986) • Harden M. McConnell (1987) • Keith Ingold (1988) • Neil Bartlett (1989) • James P. Collman (1990) • Rudolph Marcus (1991) • Kenneth Wiberg (1992) • Richard N. Zare (1993) • James A. Ibers (1994) • Alexander Rich (1995) • Kyriacos C. Nicolaou (1996) • Ahmed H. Zewail (1997) • Allen J. Bard (1998) • Peter B. Dervan (1999) • Gábor Arpad Somorjai (2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • John I. Brauman (2002) • Robert H. Grubbs (2003) • Martin Karplus (2004) • George M. Whitesides (2005) • Peter Stang (2006) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2007) • Thomas C. Bruice (2008) • Stephen J. Lippard (2009) • Armand Paul Alivisatos (2010)

V · D · M Vincitori della Medaglia d'oro dell'American Institute of Chemists

William Blum (1926) • Lafayette B. Mendel (1927) • Francis P. Garvan (1929) • George Eastman (1930) • Andrew Mellon, Richard B. Mellon (1931) • Charles H. Herty (1932) • Henry C. Sherman (1933) • James Bryant Conant (1934) • Marston Taylor Bogert (1936) • James F. Norris (1937) • Frederick G. Cottrell (1938) • Gustav Egloff (1940) • Henry G. Knight (1941) • William Lloyd Evans (1942) • Walter S. Landis (1943) • Willard H. Dow (1944) • John W. Thomas (1945) • Robert Price Russell (1946) • Moses Leverock Crossley (1947) • Charles A. Thomas (1948) • Warren K. Lewis (1949) • Walter J. Murphy (1950) • Harry N. Holmes (1951) • Fred J. Emmerich (1952) • J. C. Warner (1953) • William J. Sparks (1954) • Carl S. Marvel (1955) • Raymond Stevens (1956) • Roy Newton (1957) • Lawrence Flett (1958) • Crawford H. Greenewalt (1959) • Ernest H. Volwiler (1960) • Alden H. Emery (1961) • George W. Parks (1962) • Ralph Connor (1963) • Roger Adams (1964) • Edwin Cox (1965) • John H. Nair (1966) • Wayne E. Kuhn (1967) • Orville E. May (1968) • Henry B. Hass (1969) • Willard F. Libby (1970) • Emmett B. Carmichael (1971) • Harold C. Urey (1972) • Glenn T. Seaborg (1973) • William Edward Hanford (1974) • William O. Baker (1975) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1976) • Max Tishler (1977) • Norman Hackerman (1978) • Melvin Calvin (1979) • Arthur M. Bueche (1980) • Lewis Sarett (1981) • Milton Harris (1982) • Mary L. Good (1983) • John H. Sinfelt (1984) • Herbert C. Brown (1985) • N. Bruce Hannay (1986) • Arnold O. Beckman (1987) • George C. Pimentel (1988) • Elias J. Corey (1989) • Harry B. Gray (1990) • Bruce N. Ames (1991) • Roy L. Whistler (1992) • Fred Basolo (1993) • Arthur Adamson (1994) • George Parshall (1995) • Harry Drickman (1996) • Alfred Bader (1997) • F. Albert Cotton (1998) • Yie W. Chien (2000) • Tobin Marks (2002) • Ralph Hirschmann (2003) • Carl Djerassi (2004) • Robert L. McNeil (2005) • Roald Hoffmann (2006) • George M. Whitesides (2007) • Paul Berg (2008) • Oliver Smithies (2009)

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Controllo di autorità	VIAF (EN) 67616717 · ISNI (EN) 0000 0001 0911 538X · LCCN (EN) n85800535 · GND (DE) 132048000 · BNF (FR) cb126434422 (data) · NLA (EN) 35573939

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